there are three categories of deviants:
- those whose deviance reaches the level of kufr (bidʿah mukaffirah):
these individuals are muslims only in name but fall under the ruling of kufr. marriage with such individuals is invalid, salah behind them is invalid, and eating their zabīhah is haram. moreover, if someone knowingly performs salah behind such a person, recognizing his kufr, then that act itself is kufr.
- those whose deviance constitutes bidʿah mufassiqah and who actively call others to their beliefs, though it does not reach the level of kufr:
their nikah, salah, and zabīhah are makruh taḥrīman (prohibitively disliked). it is strongly discouraged to marry them, eat their zabīhah, or perform salah behind them.
- those whose deviance is minor and who do not actively promote their beliefs:
in this case, their salah, nikah, and zabīhah are valid, but still disliked due to the risk of influence and gradual deviation. however, their ruling is lighter than that of the second category. such individuals should be treated with kindness, their salām should be returned, and they should be gently guided toward the correct ʿaqīdah.
still, entering into marriage with them poses a serious risk, as even mild deviance can deepen with time. therefore, it is strongly discouraged
this classification and ruling are consistent with what hazrat madani miyān has explained, and they align with what is stated in al-muʿtaqad al-muntaqad.